How does the R&B genre construct certain gender ideologies? Why might this be a concern in a post feminist society?
‘’A man is still likely to earn more money than a woman, even one doing the same job’ [1]
‘30,000 women in the UK lose their jobs each year due to pregnancy, but there are virtually no consequences for a man when he becomes a parent’ [2]
http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/life/daniel-craig-in-drag-to-support-international-womens-day-video-2462821 [2] ibid
‘Men were much more likely to adventurous, active, and victorious, whereas women were more frequently shown as weak, ineffectual, victimised, supportive, or laughable or merely ‘token females.’[3]
Gauntlett, D. (2007). Media, gender and identity: an introduction (Reprinted. ed.). London [u.a.: Routledge.
Roland Barthes ‘there is social prohibition against the feminization of men, there is almost none against the masculinisation of women.’[4]
Macdonald, M. (1995).Representing women: myths of femininity in the popular media. London: E. Arnold ;. P215
‘The majority of women still see themselves as housewives and a high proportion of products are aimed at women in their traditional role rather than in their business role.’ [5]
ASA Spokesperson in the Guardian, 26 June, 1978
‘Stereotypes survive by undergoing change and by convincing us that they’re not entirely false.’[6]
Macdonald, M. (1995).Representing women: myths of femininity in the popular media. London: E. Arnold ; p13
Brian McNair calls this the sexualisation of culture ‘strip tease culture’.[8]
http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/2449/1/Postfeminist_media_culture_(LSERO).pdf
‘‘The fascination with black 'butts' continues. In the sexual iconography of the traditional black pornographic imagination the protruding butt is seen as an indication of heightened sexuality’’ [13].
http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~abarian/class%20pdfs/Selling_Ho-Pussy.pdf
‘A woman attired as a man may be seen as ‘power dressing’ or as adapting the mannerism of lesbianism’ [14]
Macdonald, M. (1995).Representing women: myths of femininity in the popular media. London: E. Arnold ;. P215
‘Many black women singers, irrespective of the quality of their voices, have cultivated an image which suggests they are available and licentious’.[15]
http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~abarian/class%20pdfs/Selling_Ho-Pussy.pdf
'It is possession of a 'sexy body' that is presented as women's key (if not sole) source of identity.'[16]
http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/2449/1/Postfeminist_media_culture_(LSERO).pdf
.‘Women are not straightforwardly objectified but are presented as active, desiring sexual subjects who choose to present themselves in a seemingly objectified manner because it suits their liberated interests to do so’[18]
[18] http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/2449/1/Postfeminist_media_culture_(LSERO).pdf
[19] ibid
women have certain roles are ‘responsible for producing themselves as desirable heterosexual subjects, as well as for pleasing men sexually... defending their own sexual reputations, and taking care of men's self-esteem.’[19]
'Incorporated, revised and depoliticised’'[23]
http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/2449/1/Postfeminist_media_culture_(LSERO).pdf
Despite the success of 'Slumdog Millionaire' why is it that there is still a lack of South Asian actors in Hollywood?
‘‘Ethnic minorities are continually misrepresented by racial (and racist) stereotypes.”
Rather than representing them as individuals,’’ the media identifies individuals by their ethnic groups to determined whether or not they are Hollywood material.
How and Why Does The Horror/Thriller Genre Exaggerate the Mentally Ill in Films Such as ‘Shutter Island’ and ‘The Uninvited’?
‘’Fictional film characters with mental conditions generally tend to fit into one of several extreme stereotypes, used to either shock, amuse or otherwise entertain us’’
‘’Begin with an equilibrium or status quo where any potentially opposing forces are in balance. This is disrupted by some event, setting in a chain a series of events. Problems are solved so that order can be restored to the world of fiction”
‘’People are exposed to so much violence in the media, violence no longer makes a strong emotional impact upon them.’
http://www.movmnt.com/monsters-of-hip-hop-2_003332.html
Hip to the Game – Dance World vs. Music Industry, The Battle for Hip Hop’s Legacy
‘’Hip-hop was largely a subculture and a form of style and expression developed by urban minorities.’’
Hip-Hop's (Still) Invisible Women
‘’The environments that allows black male rap artists and a white radio show host (both supported by large corporations) to call black women hoes in our mainstream media.’’
‘’Women should be more vocal in denouncing sexism in rap music and in our society because our livelihood and our lives depend on it’’
Rap Criticism Grows Within Own Community
‘’A recent study by the Black Youth Project showed a majority of youth think rap has too many violent images.’’
‘’Among the early accusations were that rap wasn't true music, its lyrics were too raw, its street message too polarizing.’’
‘’The music, dances and images in the video are clearly reminiscent of the era when pop culture reduced blacks to caricatures: lazy 'coons,' grinning 'pickaninnies,' sexually super-charged 'bucks’’
‘’Today, the most popular and successful rappers boast about who has murdered more foes and rhyme about dealing drugs as breezily as other artists sing about love.’’
Women rappers stay under the radar
"They don't know whether to be a gun moll for a gangster or a mother and they are confused as to what role they should take."
‘’Women are seeing success in R&B and pop music, but the “sexism and inequality”
‘’A woman should not have to choose to be a “good girl” or “bad girl” in the rap world, just like she shouldn’t in the real world’’
